A University of Helsinki doctoral study shows that Finns exposed to more liberal alcohol policies in their youth have higher rates of alcohol-related illness and mortality later in life. The findings underline how policy decisions can shape public health outcomes decades into the future.

Alcohol exposure in the first weeks of embryonic development disrupts gene regulation and metabolism. University of Helsinki researchers show the earliest nerve forming ectodermal cells are most sensitive, with changes in DNA methylation and the methionine cycle. Findings strengthen advice to cease drinking when planning pregnancy, as even low doses can affect crucial early processes and raise the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.