Alcohol exposure in the first weeks of embryonic development disrupts gene regulation and metabolism. University of Helsinki researchers show the earliest nerve forming ectodermal cells are most sensitive, with changes in DNA methylation and the methionine cycle. Findings strengthen advice to cease drinking when planning pregnancy, as even low doses can affect crucial early processes and raise the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

FASD affects thousands of children in the Nordics. Experts urge early diagnosis, awareness, and consistent care to prevent lifelong harm.